15+ Project Manager [PMP] Interview Question +[ Job References ]

Last updated on 04th Jul 2020, Blog, Interview Questions

For professionals in the field of project management, the Project Management Professional (PMP) credential is internationally recognized. Leading professional association in the project management field, PMI (Project Management Institute) is the one offering it. Project managers can vouch for their expertise and abilities by earning the PMP certification.

1. What exactly is project management, and what makes it so important?

Ans:

The application of information, abilities, instruments, and methods to project operations in order to fulfil project requirements is known as project management. It is significant because it aids in the accomplishment of objectives, the delivery of value, and the controlled and organised adaptation to change by organisations.

2. Describe the idea of the project management triple constraint.

Ans:

The triple constraint, often known as the project management triangle, is made up of three fundamental components: scope, time, and money. Changes to one have an effect on the others due to their interdependence. These restrictions must be balanced in order for the project to succeed.

3. What does a project charter want to achieve?

Ans:

The official authorization of a project’s existence through a project charter gives the project manager the power to allocate organisational resources to project operations. It describes the goals, participants, and high-level deliverables of the project.

4. Describe the primary distinction between the project and product scopes

Ans:

• Orientation: Whereas the product scope is deliverable-centric, focussing on the qualities and attributes of the final product, the project scope is project-centric, emphasising the management aspects of completing the project.
• Components: Tasks and deadlines are examples of project management components included in the project scope. Product scope, on the other hand, is focused on the characteristics and requirements of the final deliverables.
• Change Control: To preserve project control, modifications to the project’s scope are managed formally through a change management procedure. Modifications to the product scope are usually submitted to a validation and verification procedure to guarantee compliance with requirements.
• Goals: The project scope’s goal is to properly manage and complete the project within predetermined boundaries. Ensuring the final outputs fit defined standards and satisfy client expectations is the aim of the product scope.

5. What makes a project scope statement’s essential elements?

Ans:

The project objectives, deliverables, restrictions, assumptions, acceptance criteria, and any applicable standards are usually included in the project scope statement. It guides the project team during the project and provides a baseline for decision-making.

6. What distinguishes a functional manager from a project manager?

Ans:

A functional manager is in control of a specific department or functional area inside a corporation, while a project manager is in charge of the entire planning, implementation, and success of a project. Project managers have only transitory power for the duration of the project.

7. What is the significance of a work breakdown structure (WBS)?

Ans:

The work that the project team needs to do is broken down into hierarchical sections using a work breakdown structure (WBS). It makes better estimation, planning, and control possible by breaking the work up into smaller, more manageable pieces.

8. List out the points. How does the project manager manage the risk?

Ans:

• Risk Identification
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Planning
• Stakeholder Involvement
• Communication
• Contingency Planning
• Implementing Risk Responses
• Integration with Project Planning
• Proactive Leadership

9. How can the project team efficiently communicate with one another?

Ans:

Active listening, giving succinct and clear information, choosing the right channels for communication, and being receptive to criticism are all necessary for effective communication. Essential communication tools include progress updates, project documentation, and regular team meetings.

10. What distinguishes a risk from an issue in project management?

Ans:

An issue is a current issue that needs to be resolved, whereas a risk is a prospective future event that could have a good or negative impact on the project. Issue management is the process of resolving existing issues, whereas risk management is the identification and mitigation of potential dangers.

11. Explain the difference between a project and a program?

Ans:

	Criteria	Project	Program
Definition	A brief project with a specific starting and finishing, with the intention of accomplishing a specific objective.	A collection of linked initiatives overseen coordinated to attain strategic.
Scope	Clearly defined, targeted, and well-defined scope.	broader reach that encompasses several linked initiatives.
Duration	Momentary; with a set beginning and ending date.	Usually long-term, with continuous and simultaneous.
Management Focus	Concentrate on fulfilling project objectives and meetings.	Concentrate on coordinating and synchronising several.
Interdependencies	less reliance on other initiatives.	high levels of project interdependence.
Goal Achievements	aim to accomplish a precise, well-defined objective.	aims to meet strategic goals and benefits.

12. What role does stakeholder engagement play in project management?

Ans:

Stakeholder involvement is critical to the achievement of any project since it requires identifying, analysing, and maintaining ties with people or groups touched by the project. Involving stakeholders in the process ensures that their expectations are met, which boosts support and aligns the project with organisational goals.

13. Describe the idea of project management lessons learned.

Ans:

The knowledge acquired from a project’s experiences is known as lessons learned. They chronicle what went well and what may be improved, highlighting both the positive and bad elements. Lessons learnt are reviewed and applied to improve future project performance and prevent mistakes from being made again.

14. What constitutes a project management plan’s essential elements?

Ans:

Components such as scope, time, cost, quality, communication, risk, and procurement strategies are usually included in project management plans. It acts as a manual for managing, overseeing, and carrying out projects.

15. When is a lesson learned document prepared, and what is its purpose?

Ans:

• Capture Insights: Keep track of the knowledge, experiences, and insights you gain throughout the course of a project.
• Reflect on Successes: Acknowledge and document winning tactics, triumphs, and favourable results.
• Identify Challenges: Keep a record of all difficulties, problems, and roadblocks you have while working on the project.

16. When a Document on Lessons Learned Is Created?

Ans:

• Project Closure Phase: Usually developed at this stage, after all project-related tasks have been finished.
• After Deliverables Acceptance: The project is considered to be officially ended if stakeholders have accepted the deliverables.
• Post-Implementation: Developed following the project’s final product, service, or outcome is deployed.

17. How should a project’s scope be adjusted?

Ans:

The accepted change management procedure is what I would adhere to. Before making the change, it must be approved by the pertinent parties, documented, and its impact on scope, schedule, and cost evaluated.

18. Describe a risk management plan and explain its significance.

Ans:

A risk management strategy describes how hazards will be found, evaluated, and controlled during the course of the undertaking. It is essential because it lessens the possibility of problems developing later on in the project by proactively identifying and resolving them.

19. Describe the distinctions between risk analysis that are quantitative and qualitative.

Ans:

By evaluating risks according to their likelihood and consequences, qualitative risk analysis typically makes use of a risk matrix. In quantitative risk analysis, the likelihood and impact of hazards are given numerical numbers, and their overall impact on project goals is computed.

20. How is a project risk assessment carried out?

Ans:

• Risk classification: Sort hazards into groups for targeted examination.
• Risk documentation: Keep track of potential threats in a single registry.
• Qualitative Risk Analysis: Evaluate impact and probability in an arbitrary manner.
• Quantitative Risk Analysis: For an accurate evaluation, you may choose to employ numerical techniques.
• Risk Prioritisation: Sort hazards according to their likelihood and impact.
• Contingency Planning: Create backup plans in case of major emergencies.
• Risk Communication: Inform stakeholders about hazards and possible solutions.

21. In a project timetable, how is the critical path identified?

Ans:

The project’s critical path is the longest set of tasks that establishes how long the project will take. It can be found by looking at the dependencies between tasks and figuring out which order is rigid in terms of timing.

22. What does a stakeholder registration aim to accomplish?

Ans:

A document that lists and identifies project stakeholders is called a stakeholder registry. It covers their expectations, roles in the project, influence, and areas of interest. This facilitates stakeholder management and effective communication.

23. How is a project closed?

Ans:

A project is closed when all of its tasks are finished, all stakeholders have given their approval, project resources have been released, and contracts have been closed. To guarantee a smooth handover, it also entails recording lessons learned and holding a project conclusion meeting.

24. How do you manage project quality?

Ans:

• Quality Management Plan: Create a thorough plan outlining the standards, procedures, and goals for the project’s quality.
• Strict adherence to set quality standards is required. These standards should include both external, industry-specific standards and internal, organisational requirements.
• continual Monitoring: To spot any violations from quality standards, apply continual monitoring of project deliverables and procedures.
• Quality Assurance Tasks: Throughout the project lifecycle, carry out quality assurance tasks to confirm that the intended procedures are being followed.
• Performance indicators: To evaluate the calibre of project deliverables and procedures, identify and quantify the most important performance indicators.

25. What distinguishes a deliverable from a milestone?

Ans:

A milestone is an important event in a project that typically denotes the end of a significant stage or accomplishment. On the other hand, a deliverable is a physical product created during the project that is frequently connected to a particular job or work package.

26. How would you resolve disputes in a project team?

Ans:

I would resolve disputes quickly by promoting candid dialogue, identifying the underlying issues, and coming up with win-win solutions. Conflict resolution and preserving a supportive team atmosphere can be achieved through the use of mediation, negotiation, and team-building exercises.

27. What is the project management critical path, and what makes it crucial?

Ans:

The project’s critical path is the longest set of tasks that ultimately decides how long the project will take to complete. It matters because there is no slack in the critical route jobs, which means that any delay in completing them will have an immediate effect on the project’s completion date. The timely completion of the project is ensured by effective critical path management.

28. How much does a project cost to estimate?

Ans:

• Determine and Measure Resources: Start by listing every resource needed for the project, such as staff, tools, materials, and any outside services or resources.
• ConsiderLabour Costs: Determine how much work each task or activity requires. This entails calculating the amount of time required for staff and using the appropriate labour rates.
• Calculate the Material Costs: Calculate how much the project’s materials will cost, taking into account supplies, raw materials, and any other tangibles that will be needed to finish the job.
• Divide the Work Into Tasks: Divide the project’s work into manageable chunks or activities. This dissection makes it possible to link expenses and resources to particular project elements.
• Ascertain the Need for Resources: Specify the kind and amount of resources required for every task. This involves determining the skill sets needed for staff members.

29. How would you manage a project with limited resources?

Ans:

Prioritising work, evaluating resource availability, and working with stakeholders are all necessary when managing resource restrictions. Assisting the project team in identifying crucial activities, modifying the project timeline as needed, looking into other options, and making sure resources are used effectively are all things I would do if resources were scarce.

30. How is a stakeholder analysis conducted, and what is its goal?

Ans:

Identification, comprehension, and management of stakeholders’ interests, sway, and expectations are achieved through stakeholder analysis. Throughout the project, the goal is to guarantee good communication and engagement. In order to carry out a stakeholder analysis, I would first identify the stakeholders, then evaluate their effect and interests, rank them in order of significance, and create collaboration and communication plans.

31.What constitutes a risk response plan’s essential elements?

Ans:

Strategies for handling hazards that have been recognised are part of a risk response plan. These tactics include accepting the risk, shifting it to another party, minimising its effects, and avoiding it. The strategy also specifies roles, duties, and deadlines for carrying out the selected risk responses.

32. How can the goals of a project and organisational strategy be made to coincide?

Ans:

• Review Project Objectives Often: Examine project objectives on a regular basis to make sure they line up with the organisation’s overall goals and strategy.
• Organisational Objectives: Clearly comprehend and state the organisation’s main objectives and plan of action.
• important Stakeholder Engagement: To confirm and improve project objectives in line with strategic priorities, interact with important stakeholders, such as organisational leaders and decision-makers.
• Points of Strategic Alignment Checks: Throughout the project lifecycle, set up milestones or checkpoints for strategic alignment to evaluate and adjust goals as necessary.
• Adaptation of Project Plan: Adjust the project plan as needed to accommodate any modifications or adjustments made to the organisational approach. This could entail changing the allocation of resources, goals, or priorities.

33. How do you assess the success of a project?

Ans:

Stakeholder expectations must be met, scope, time, and budget limits adhered to, and project objectives must be met in order for a project to be deemed successful. It entails making sure the project adds value to the organisation and assessing it in relation to key performance indicators.

34. Describe the goal of a project management change control procedure.

Ans:

The purpose of the change control procedure is to methodically examine, assess, and accept or reject modifications to the project’s scope, budget, or schedule. By ensuring that modifications are evaluated for their effects prior to implementation, scope creep is avoided and project control is upheld.

35.How do you recognise and handle dependencies in a project?

Ans:

Determining Dependencies for a Project:

• Task Analysis: Examine the actions and tasks necessary to finish the project in order to determine any innate dependencies.
• Sequencing: Establish the order in which the tasks must be completed in order to achieve the project’s goals. Determine the tasks’ logical relationships.
• Resource Dependencies: Determine which common resources—such as workers, tools, or supplies—have dependencies that could affect the order in which tasks are completed.

Handling Dependencies in a Project:

• Dependent Documentation: Clearly and easily understandably describe each dependent and the responsibilities it entails in your documentation of dependencies.
• Updates to Dependency Logs: As the project develops, make sure to frequently update the dependency log to reflect any modifications, additional dependents, or resolved dependencies.
• Communication: Let pertinent team members, stakeholders, and individuals in charge of task execution know about dependencies. For dependency management to be effective, transparency is essential.

36. Explain the project manager’s function in risk management.

Ans:

Throughout the course of a project, a project manager is in charge of locating, evaluating, and controlling risks. To reduce possible problems, this entails creating a plan for risk management, assessing risks, and putting risk remedies into action. The influence of uncertainties on the project is reduced by proactive risk management.

37. What role does earned value management, or EVM, play in project control?

Ans:

Scope, schedule, and cost data are integrated by Earned Value Management (EVM) to produce objective criteria for evaluating project performance. It is useful for tracking project progress, predicting future performance patterns, and pinpointing areas that could need remedial work. EVM is a useful tool for efficient administration and control of projects.

38. How should tasks be arranged in a project schedule?

Ans:

When prioritising tasks, dependencies, criticality, and resource availability must all be taken into account. High dependencies or tasks on the critical route are frequently prioritised higher. To guarantee project success, tasks that have a big influence on the project’s goals and those that need specific knowledge or resources might also be given priority.

39. Explain the definition of “float” in project scheduling, along with the reasoning

Ans:

• Behind the computation: Float, which is another name for slack, is the amount of time that a work can be postponed without affecting the critical path of the project.
• Aim: By giving non-critical jobs some wiggle room, this helps manage project timeframes and schedule flexibility.
• Calculation: The difference between a task’s early and late start times yields the floating point amount.

40. How can a project team’s communication be made sure to be effective?

Ans:

Developing a communication plan that outlines who needs what information, when, and how is essential to effective communication. To promote honest and open communication, the team uses collaboration tools, status updates, and regular meetings. Along with encouraging input, I also make sure that channels of communication are customised to meet the needs of the project team.

41. What is the significance of a project baseline, and what is it?

Ans:

A project baseline represents the scope, budget, and timeline of the project as of a particular moment in time. It acts as a benchmark for tracking and managing project performance. For the purpose of monitoring modifications, spotting deviations, and making sure the project continues on schedule, the baseline is essential.

42. How do you resolve disputes among team members?

Ans:

In order to resolve disputes amicably, I promote open communication, pay attention to what people have to say, and lead conversations that lead to compromises. I involve pertinent parties when necessary to mediate and settle disputes. Effective teamwork and the establishment of a positive team atmosphere are also important aspects of conflict resolution.

43. What are the main goals of a matrix for assigning responsibilities in project management?

Ans:

• Defining roles clearly: By outlining the responsibilities for each person in a project, the RAM removes uncertainty.
• Accountability Allocation: It assigns responsibilities or people to be accountable for certain project components. This guarantees that each task or deliverable has a designated person who is in charge of seeing it through to completion.
• Alignment of the project team: The RAM helps the project team to be in alignment by delineating roles.
• Cross-Functional Collaboration: A RAM encourages participation in projects that span several departments or functions.
• Risk Mitigation: The risks of miscommunication, neglecting to complete tasks, or a lack of accountability can be reduced with clearly defined roles and responsibilities.
• Assistance in Project Planning: A RAM is a useful tool that project managers can use to organise their team and allocate tasks throughout the project planning phase.

44. How is a Gantt chart applied in project management, and what does it mean?

Ans:

An illustration of a project schedule that shows tasks, durations, dependencies, and milestones over time is called a Gantt chart. It facilitates project planning, progress monitoring, and stakeholder communication regarding timetables. Gantt charts help with job management and resource allocation by offering a clear visual summary of the project schedule.

45. Describe what a project baseline is.

Ans:

A project baseline is a point of reference that includes the budget, timetable, and scope of the initial work. It acts as a benchmark for assessing and contrasting the real performance of projects. The baseline, which is created during the planning stage, is essential to change control because it serves as a foundation for evaluating variations and deviations.

46. Describe the meaning of a project management milestone.

Ans:

A milestone is a noteworthy occurrence or point in a project that denotes the end of an important delivery or phase. Milestones give project stakeholders a clear timeframe, allow for progress tracking, and highlight significant accomplishments. They function as crucial points of reference for the supervision and management of projects.

47. Which variance-related factors are most important for project management?

Ans:

• Planned vs. Actual Performance: The difference between the project’s actual performance and its original plan is quantified by the variable called variance.
• Finding Deviations: Project managers can find differences or deviations between the expected and actual values by computing variances.
• Budgetary Control: Variance analysis is a common tool used in finance to evaluate the performance of a budget. In order to improve financial control, variations in expenses or expenditures are closely examined to determine the causes of overruns or underruns.
• Schedule Adherence: Schedule Variance: This refers to the comparison between the estimated duration of project operations and the actual duration.
• Resource Utilisation: The use of project resources, such as labour or equipment, is evaluated using the resource variance method.

48. What is the goal of the initial meeting for a project?

Ans:

To formally start the project, a kick-off meeting is arranged. Its purposes are to present team members, go over project goals and objectives, go over the project plan, and make sure that everyone is on the same page regarding what is expected of them. The project’s direction is clearly defined and the atmosphere for collaboration is created during the kick-off meeting.

49. What does a project sponsor do, and why is their participation so important?

Ans:

A project sponsor gives the initiative resources, direction, and support. Their participation is essential to securing organisational support, addressing important difficulties, and guaranteeing that the project is in line with strategic goals. The project sponsor advocates for the endeavour and assists in obtaining funding and other resources.

50. Why is project closure necessary, and how do you close a project?

Ans:

Project closure includes finishing all tasks, getting stakeholders’ final approval, relinquishing project resources, and recording lessons learned. Ensuring a seamless transfer, gathering knowledge for upcoming initiatives, and formally wrapping up the project are all crucial. Project closure promotes accountability for project results and organisational learning.

51. Describe the distinction between top-down and bottom-up estimation.

Ans:

Bottom-Up Estimation:

• Task-Level Detail: Consists of estimating each work package or task separately.
• Detailed Breakdown: Necessitates a thorough dissection of the project into its component parts.
• Time-Consuming: Because precise estimations are required, this process may take some time.
• Accurate and Detailed: Provides estimations that are more precise and thorough.

Top-Down Estimation:

• High-Level Viewpoint: Offers projections derived from an elevated project viewpoint.
• Expert Judgement or Historical Data: Makes estimations using either expert judgement or historical data.
• Fast and Less Detailed: Usually faster because it doesn’t need a thorough dissection.
• Less Precision: In comparison to bottom-up estimates, it could be less precise.

52. In project financial analysis, how is the net present value (NPV) determined?

Ans:

Approach: NPV is equal to Σ (Cash Flow / (1 + r)^t) – The initial outlay of funds

Explanation: Deduct the initial investment cost (where t is the time period and r is the discount rate) from the total of the discounted cash flows. A project with a positive net present value may be lucrative.

53. Describe what a project baseline is.

Ans:

A project baseline is a point of reference that includes the budget, timetable, and scope of the initial work. It acts as a benchmark for assessing and contrasting the real performance of projects. The baseline, which is created during the planning stage, is essential to change control because it serves as a foundation for evaluating variations and deviations.

54. What does a project management change log serve to accomplish?

Ans:

Every modification to the project’s scope, budget, or timeline is documented in a change log. It contains information on the change request, its approval status, and any modifications performed. The change log promotes efficient change control, collaboration, and the transparent documentation of project modifications.

55. How is a project dashboard applied in project management, and what is it?

Ans:

Key project metrics and performance indicators are shown visually on a project dashboard. It gives stakeholders a brief summary of the project’s status and supports them in making defensible decisions using up-to-date information. Typically, the dashboard shows project progress, risks, and problems through charts, graphs, and key performance indicators.

56. What is the significance of a work breakdown structure (WBS) in project planning, and what is its nature?

Ans:

Definition: WBS is a hierarchical structure that divides the project scope into smaller, more manageable work items. Relevance to Project Scheduling:

Importance

• Organising Scope: Divides the project’s scope into sensible, doable chunks.
• Clarity: Offers clarification on the relationship between project deliverables.
• Planning Tool: A necessary tool for organising resources and creating a thorough project plan.
• Effective communication is facilitated within the project team by this person.
• Control: Supports keeping an eye on and managing the scope and advancement of a project.

57. What does a steering committee for a project do?

Ans:

A project’s strategic direction, oversight, and guidance are provided by a project steering committee. Key decision-makers and stakeholders usually participate, reviewing project progress, making decisions, and ensuring alignment with organisational objectives. In order to assist the project’s effective completion and resolve important concerns, the steering committee is essential.

58. What role does a project closeout report play?

Ans:

The total performance of the project is summed up in a project closeout report, which also highlights successes, difficulties, and lessons learned. It guarantees accountability for project outcomes, adds to organisational learning, and offers insightful information for subsequent initiatives. In addition to providing a thorough record of the project, the closeout report encourages further advancements in project management techniques.

59. In risk analysis, how is the expected monetary value (EMV) determined?

Ans:

EMV is equal to Σ (Probability * Impact) for every risk that has been recognised.

Explanation: Multiply each risk’s likelihood by the impact that goes along with it, then add up all of these figures. EMV offers a numerical evaluation of the possible financial consequences of hazards, supporting the prioritisation and management of risks.

60. In project risk management, what does a risk register mean?

Ans:

The Risk Register’s Importance for Project Risk Management:

• Complete Record-Keeping: Risks were fully identified in the risk register documents, together with their origins, possible effects, and probability of occurrence.
• Data from Risk Analysis: It acts as a store for risk analysis data, including quantitative and qualitative evaluations that help rank the risks.
• Response Planning: Using the risk register, you may create and record risk response plans that describe possible problems and how to solve them.
• Monitoring and Tracking: Enables proactive risk management by enabling continuous monitoring and tracking of identified hazards over the course of the project.

61. What is the function of a project management responsibility assignment matrix (RAM)?

Ans:

Project roles and duties are neatly and visually represented with a Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM), making it an invaluable tool in project management. Its main goal is to explicitly state and convey who is responsible for what duties or outputs inside a project, as well as who is accountable for what. The matrix encourages successful cooperation and responsibility by ensuring that all project participants understand their roles and responsibilities.

62. What role does variance play in project management?

Ans:

The quantifiable difference between expected or baseline values and actual performance or outcomes throughout a project is referred to as a variance in project management. It is an important statistic that is used to evaluate how effectively the project is moving forward and if it is staying true to the original plan. Comparing intended values with actual values documented throughout project execution, such as projected expenditures, schedules, or resource allocations, is known as variance analysis.

63. What does the term “risk appetite” mean in project risk management?

Ans:

The amount of risk that an organisation is ready to take on or put up with in order to achieve its goals is known as its “risk appetite.”

Important element: defines the acceptable level of uncertainty or potential impact on project outcomes, which influences decision-making. guiding ideas aids in establishing limits on risk-taking, guaranteeing that risks meet stakeholder expectations and organisational goals.

64. Which Precedence Diagramming Method Is the least used type?

Ans:

Among precedence relationships, the “start-to-start” (SS) type is the least frequently employed in the Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM). In PDM, there are four different kinds of precedence relationships:

• Finish-to-Start (FS): This is the most prevalent kind, in which the dependent task cannot begin until the previous task has been completed.
• Finish-to-Finish (FF): When a task is dependent on another, it cannot be completed until the other is completed.
• Start-to-Finish (SF): Until the previous task begins, the dependent task cannot be completed.
• Start-to-Start (SS): The dependent task may begin concurrently with the task that came before it.

65. What is the term for evaluating a sample’s items’ quality on a pass/fail basis?

Ans:

Attribute sampling is the process of evaluating the pass/fail status of the items in a sample. A popular statistical sampling method in quality assurance and control procedures is attribute sampling. When using attribute sampling, sample objects are classified as either passing or failing based on whether they fulfil a particular attribute. This approach is especially helpful when measuring a qualitative trait that may be categorised as either meeting or exceeding a specific criteria or condition.

66. How do you employ if you want a team of experts to identify project risks?

Ans:

The Delphi Technique is an effective strategy to apply. The Delphi Method is a structured and iterative procedure for anonymously gathering and enhancing knowledge from a group of experts. This is how it typically works:

• Anonymity: Professionals offer their free-form, anonymous advice.
• Structured Feedback: Without disclosing the identities of the experts, a facilitator gathers their comments and presents a summary to the group.
• Iteration: Until a consensus or convergence is achieved, experts might alter their evaluations in light of the group’s comments. This procedure is repeated.

67. In what kind of project will Rolling Wave Planning be helpful?

Ans:

Planning is carried out in waves or phases using the rolling wave planning project management technique. While higher level planning is done for future phases, detailed planning is done for a short time. When certain project specifics are ambiguous or change over time, this method is especially helpful. The following situations call for the use of rolling wave planning:

• Uncertain Project Scope
• Evolutionary Projects
• Complex Projects
• Resource Constraints
• Rapidly Changing Environments
• Agile and Iterative Approaches

68. How is resource availability and allocation determined by a project manager?

Ans:

Team members’ and other resources’ availability is taken into account while evaluating resource availability, and resources are assigned to particular tasks according to their availability and skill set.

69. In a project schedule, how does a project manager identify the critical path?

Ans:

Finding the longest chain of interdependent tasks that establishes the project’s minimal duration yields the critical path.

70. Give an explanation of “scope creep” and how to avoid it in a project.

Ans:

Unauthorised project scope extension is known as scope creep. A strong change control procedure, a well-defined scope, and efficient communication can all help to prevent it.

71. What does a risk matrix serve as in project risk management?

Ans:

A key tool in project risk management is the risk matrix, which offers a graphic depiction of the point where the impact and likelihood of hazards are met. Project managers and teams can systematically evaluate and categorise risks based on their possible implications and likelihood of occurrence with the help of this dynamic and adjustable matrix. By giving these dimensions numerical or qualitative values, the risk matrix divides risks into zones like low, medium, and high risk.

72. When employing an outside vendor for a project whose scope is continuously changing?

Ans:

A Time and Materials (T&M) contract is one form of agreement that functions effectively in circumstances when requirements are changing.

Contract for Time and Materials (T&M):

• Features: Under a T&M contract, the vendor gets paid for both the real amount of time they put into the project and the cost of the supplies they used.
• BenefitsAdaptability: Ideal for projects whose scopes are unclear or subject to change.
• Flexibility: Allows for necessary modifications to project needs.
• Transparency: Offers information on the costs of materials and labour.
• Consideration: Close observation of vendor activity is necessary to guarantee effective utilisation of time.
• Cost control: Compared to other contract types, project expenses may be less predictable.

73. What does a project manager play in risk management?

Ans:

A project manager’s involvement in risk management is complex and essential to the project’s success as a whole. First and foremost, by actively interacting with the project team and stakeholders and using historical data to anticipate probable obstacles that can obstruct project success, the project manager plays a critical role in the identification of risks. Once these risks have been identified, the project manager takes the lead in analysing them, determining their possible consequences and probability of happening.

74. How do you do the make-or-buy analysis during the Plan Procurement Management phase?

Ans:

Making the decision to buy or make must be done at the Plan Procurement Management phase. Using this method forces the project team to decide whether to buy something from an outside source (buy) or generate it internally (make). Making an informed decision on whether it is better to develop the product or service internally or to purchase it from an outside vendor requires analysing a number of aspects, such as cost, time, skill, and hazards. The objective is to guarantee the greatest possible project outcome while optimising the usage of resources.

75. Is it possible to trace all of the following except for? using the Requirements Traceability Matrix?

Ans:

When it comes to requirements management in particular, the Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM) is an invaluable tool in project management. It facilitates tracing the subsequent:

• Tracing Backward: From Requirements to Source: This process aids in determining the requirements’ original sources, which may include stakeholder input, user demands, or business requirements. This guarantees that every need is traced back to its source.
• Tracing Forward: From the Source to the Needs: It aids in tracking the application of requirements, guaranteeing that every input or source is covered in the project’s deliverables.
• Bidirectional Tracing: In between prerequisites: It makes it easier to identify the connections between various needs, guaranteeing the set’s consistency and thoroughness.

76. How can project deliverable quality control be ensured?

Ans:

Monitoring and confirming that project deliverables adhere to predetermined standards is the responsibility of quality control. Inspections, adherence to quality standards, and quality assurance initiatives are used to accomplish this.

77. Which of the following is not a useful input to have while building the WBS structure?

Ans:

Developing the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) requires that the project schedule not be used as an input. During the project planning stage, the WBS is normally developed prior to the project schedule. The WBS is a hierarchical breakdown of the entire scope of work that the project team is expected to complete. It divides the undertaking into more manageable, smaller chunks.

78. What should an efficient quality audit be?

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A methodical, objective assessment that guarantees compliance with defined procedures and standards and fosters ongoing development is what makes a quality audit effective. Without favouritism or conflicts of interest, the audit should be carried out impartially and independently. It must take a rigorous and all-encompassing approach, looking at all pertinent facets of the deliverables, documentation, and processes.

79. How should one decide how much detail to include in a project management strategy while creating one?

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A project management plan’s level of depth is decided by taking into account a number of variables and customising the plan to the unique requirements and features of the project. Here are some things to think about:

• Project Complexity
• Project Size
• Project Type
• Stakeholder Expectations
• Project Lifecycle
• Organisational Standards

80. Are there two efficiency indicators indicating a project’s performance in terms of cost and schedule?

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• Cost Performance Index (CPI): A project’s cost efficiency is gauged by the Cost Performance Index. The Earned Value (EV) is divided by the Actual Cost (AC) to determine it. If the value is more than 1, it means the project is under budget; if it is less than 1, it means the project is above budget.
• Schedule Performance Index (SPI): The efficiency of the timetable is gauged by the timetable Performance Index. The Earned Value (EV) is divided by the Planned Value (PV) to determine it. A value of more than one signifies that the project is proceeding ahead of schedule, whilst a value of less than one implies that it is falling behind schedule.

81. How is a reporting structure often presented to members of a project team?

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An organisational chart, or “org chart,” is the conventional means of displaying a reporting structure among members of a project team. The project team’s reporting structures and hierarchy are depicted in this visual representation. An organisational chart shows the reporting lines between team members by grouping them into boxes that represent the members of the team and connecting them in a hierarchical fashion. The project manager is usually at the top, with direct reporting and lower echelons of the hierarchy following.

82. Formally, a project is authorised by its project charter. The project charter has who authorised it?

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A major stakeholder or the person with the ability to approve and start the project formally authorises the project charter. This person is usually a sponsor, senior executive, or someone in a comparable leadership role inside the company. The permission process entails examining the project proposal, verifying that it is in line with organisational objectives and strategies, and approving the distribution of funds to begin the project. The Project Charter’s authorization acts as a pledge to the project, giving the project manager the power to use organisational resources and laying the foundation for the project’s planning and implementation.

83. Which of the following does not involve a project vying for a limited resource?

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Quality is not regarded as a competitive constraint among the three main project management constraints: scope, time, and cost. The three limitations—often referred to as “Project Management Triangle”—are:

• The work that must be completed in order to provide a good, service, or outcome with the required features and functionalities is referred to as the scope.
• Time: Denotes the timeline for the project or the amount of time allotted to its completion. It contains milestones, due dates, and the total project time.
• Cost: Refers to the project’s financial resources or budget. It comprises labour, material, equipment, and other spending costs.

84. What is a business environmental factor, according to the following list?

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Market conditions particularly refer to elements pertaining to the competitive landscape, economic climate, and market trends. Enterprise environmental variables include a variety of outside influences that may have an impact on the project. Comprehending the state of the market is essential for making well-informed judgements on the project, including price, procurement tactics, and the project’s general feasibility within the specified market. Although not directly related to the project, these variables have a big impact on how it is organised, carried out, and managed.

85. Which of these describes an organisational system that is classical?

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The “Functional Organisation” is a traditional organisational structure among the possibilities offered. The traditional hierarchical structures known as “classical organisational structures” specify the reporting lines inside a company. One of the traditional organisational models is the functional organisation, in which workers are categorised according to the kind of job they do or their functional expertise. Employees report to a functional manager, and each department or functional unit is in charge of particular duties or responsibilities. This organisational structure is typical of those where specialisation, efficiency, and distinct authority levels are prioritised.

86. Which tools are not included in the Seven Essential Tools of Quality?

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The Seven QC (Quality Control) instruments, , or the Seven Basic Tools of Quality, are a set of basic tools for process improvement.

• Check Sheet
• Control Chart
• Histogram
• Pareto Chart
• Scatter Diagram
• Flowchart
• Cause-and-Effect Diagram (Fishbone or Ishikawa Diagram).

87. Defining the scope of a new project or a new stage of an ongoing project involves:

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The project management process known as “Initiating” is related to defining a new project or a new phase of an existing project. The project is formally authorised and its first scope and objectives are established during the Initiating process. Creating the project charter, locating stakeholders, and carrying out a preliminary feasibility analysis are important tasks. This stage establishes the project’s framework and makes its objectives, limitations, and purpose clear. Gaining a firm grasp of the project’s goals and getting the required approvals to move forward with planning and execution depend heavily on the initiation phase.

88. How do you create a project chart As per the PMBOK, who is typically in charge of approving the charter?

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The Project Management Body of Knowledge states that the person or organisation outside the project that has the power to give the project manager the resources and official approval to start the project is usually responsible for authorising the project charter. This person is frequently called the “Project Sponsor.” One of the most important stakeholders, the project sponsor advocates for the project at the organisational level by giving it resources, support, and approval to move forward. Usually, the project sponsor is a senior executive or a manager with a high position in the company.

89. What are two suggested options to think about if you wish to shorten a project schedule?

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Two options to think about while trying to shorten a project schedule are: Tracking fast and crashing. It’s crucial to remember that there may be trade-offs between quick tracking and crashing. Both fast tracking and crashing have the potential to raise project risks and expenses. The choice to pursue these options should be made after carefully weighing the project’s goals, limitations, and possible effects on its overall success. Furthermore, other options, like rescheduling tasks or optimising resource allocation, must be taken into account depending on the particular project setting.

90. Why is it crucial for members of the project team to have a staff release plan?

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Effective resource management and project success depend heavily on the existence of a Staff Release Plan within the project team. This plan functions as a tactical instrument to maximise the distribution of human capital across various project stages and objectives. The project manager may prevent overallocation, guarantee that the appropriate talents are deployed at the appropriate times, and improve overall resource efficiency by clearly defining when team members are needed and when they can be released.

91. Which of the following approaches to estimating activity durations is not considered acceptable?

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Among the options provided, “Last In, First Out (LIFO)” is not a project management technique that is acknowledged or accepted for estimating activity durations. The word “LIFO” is frequently used in accounting and inventory management to describe the practise of using or selling the newest products that have been created or bought first. However, in the context of project management, techniques including expert judgement, parametric estimating, similar estimating, and three-point estimating are used to estimate the length of an activity.

92. What are the factors need to be taken when assigning roles to individuals within the project team?

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To ensure clarity, efficiency, and successful collaboration, a number of crucial elements and objects must be taken into consideration while identifying each person’s function within the project team. Among them are:

• Project Goals & Objectives: Make sure that everyone in the team is aware of the overarching project goals and objectives so that everyone knows the project’s purpose and expected results.
• Positions and Accountabilities: Give each team member clear duties and responsibilities. Make it clear who is in charge of what assignments, activities, and deliverables. This aids in preventing misunderstandings and effort duplication.
• Expertise and Skill Sets: Evaluate each team member’s knowledge, expertise, and skill sets.

93. In a cause-and-effect diagram, which of the following is not regarded as a possible cause?

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A cause-and-effect diagram, often called an Ishikawa diagram or a fishbone diagram, shows how each of the components or causes that have been discovered has an impact on a specific problem or consequence. It’s important to distinguish between contributing elements and root causes among the possible causes. While contributing factors may indirectly affect the problem, root causes have a direct impact on the occurrence of the consequence. As a result, it’s crucial to thoroughly consider each possible cause and decide how closely it relates to the observed effect while creating a cause-and-effect diagram.

94.Which document lists the deliverables for the project together?

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The “Project Scope Statement” outlines the deliverables of the project as well as the effort necessary to produce them. The Project Scope Statement is a thorough document that describes the project’s goals, deliverables, limitations, presumptions, and acceptance criteria in great detail. It acts as a basis for managing stakeholder expectations and making project decisions.

95.Conduct Qualitative Risk Assessment generally?

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In project management, qualitative risk analysis is a procedure that involves ranking project risks according to their impact and likelihood. This procedure is carried out following the identification of project risks and is covered under the knowledge area of risk management.